This transactional model described above has served as a basis for an intervention to facilitate internal regulation of eating in toddlers with infantile anorexia. Macaoay, in Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 2008 Treatment For instance, a fear appeal stating that effort may be required to avoid failure could be judged as irrelevant by a student who seems to find a subject naturally easy and seems to achieve high grades with little effort. Secondary appraisals may, for instance, determine the initial relevance of a situation (e.g., Blascovich & Mendes, 2010 Jamieson, 2017). Although the implication of primary appraisal is that judgments of relevance or importance of a situation precede judgments of coping, this need not be the case. Challenge results from the judgment that one has the necessary resources to cope (e.g., I know this exam is important but I have belief in my ability), and threat from the judgment that one does not (e.g., I know this exam is important but I do not think I have the skills to pass it).
The perception of challenge or threat is determined in a secondary appraisal of one's ability to cope with, and respond to, the stressful situation. Threatening situations are those perceived to potentially result in harm or loss (e.g., performing poorly at exams). Challenging situations are those perceived to offer the potential for growth, mastery, and gain (e.g., performing well at exams). Stressful situations themselves fall into two categories, they can be challenging or threatening. Benign situations are judged as requiring no instrumental action on the part of the individual to facilitate a positive outcome, whereas stressful situations are judged to require specific action(s). In the TSC, primary appraisal refers to the judgment of a situation as being benign or stressful. The TSC ( Folkman, 2008 Lazarus, 2006 Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) proposes that two prototypical states, challenge and threat, arise from cognitive judgments of the meaning of a situation and one's ability to respond to the situation. Richard Remedios, in Advances in Motivation Science, 2021 2.1 Transactional model of stress and coping (TSC)
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A treatment was developed by Chatoor (2009) that addresses the major components of the model: (1) parents are helped to understand the toddler's special temperament, namely the lack of awareness of hunger and fullness, and the toddler's intense interest in play and interactions with the caretakers (2) parents' anxiety and worry about the infant's poor growth, their difficulty in setting limits to the toddler's provocative behaviors around eating, and how these difficulties may relate to experiences with their own parents, are explored and (3) parents are provided with specific guidelines that detail how to structure mealtimes in order to facilitate the toddler's learning of hunger and fullness, and how to deal with the toddler's behaviors that interfere with feeding.ĭavid W. The transactional model described above has served as a basis for an intervention to facilitate internal regulation of eating in toddlers with IA. Irene Chatoor, Loredana Lucarelli, in Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development (Second Edition), 2020 Treatment
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